The Evangelicals: The Struggle to Shape America
The Evangelicals: The Struggle to Shape America book cover

The Evangelicals: The Struggle to Shape America

Hardcover – April 4, 2017

Price
$15.45
Format
Hardcover
Pages
752
Publisher
Simon & Schuster
Publication Date
ISBN-13
978-1439131336
Dimensions
7 x 1.5 x 10 inches
Weight
2.34 pounds

Description

* FINALIST * * NATIONAL BOOK AWARDS * * NATIONAL BOOK CRITICS CIRCLE AWARD * * LOS ANGELES TIMES BOOK PRIZE * * J. ANTHONY LUKAS BOOK PRIZE * “A page turner: FitzGerald is a great writer capable of keeping a sprawling narrative on point . . . Anyone curious about the state of conservative American Protestantism will have a trusted guide in this Bancroft and Pulitzer Prize winner . . . We have long needed a fair-minded overview of this vitally important religious sensibility, and FitzGerald has now provided it.” ― The New York Times Book Review “A well-written, thought-provoking and deeply researched history that is impressive for its scope and level of detail.” ― The Wall Street Journal “The waves of conservative Protestant influence that have swept American life at various points in history have often seemed to come out of nowhere. The emergence of the Christian right's political influence in the 1970s, for example, just as experts said religion was losing its place in U.S. culture, was shocking. But in her new major work on the subject, The Evangelicals , historian Frances FitzGerald shows how the origins of these booms are discernible from afar. Her book makes the case so well, it leaves readers with the feeling that we should all be paying closer attention.” ― TIME “An epic history of white American evangelical Protestantism from Plymouth Rock to Trump Tower . . . Fitzgerald, who won a Pulitzer Prize in 1973 for “Fire in the Lake,’’ an account of the Vietnam War, gracefully swoops over the decades of populist evangelicalism with Barbara Tuchman-like grace. This is a comprehensive, heavily footnoted, yet readable study of how the evangelical tradition has become seared into the fabric of American life and the key figures who made it happen. . . . Fitzgerald, always judicious and unbiased, nobly succeeds in analyzing the nuanced differences between evangelicalism and fundamentalism, Calvinism and postmillennialism, charismatics and Pentecostals.” ― The Boston Globe “[A] capacious history of Evangelical American Protestantism. This rich narrative ranges across the various Evangelical denominations while illuminating the doctrines—especially personal conversion as spiritual rebirth, and adherence to the Bible as ultimate truth—that unite them. . . . A complex and fascinating epic.” ― Booklist, starred review “FitzGerald’s brilliant book could not have been more timely, more well-researched, more well-written, or more necessary.” ― The American Scholar “Frances FitzGerald answers the recurrent question, “Where did these people [mainly right-wing zealxadots] come from?” She says there is no mystery involved. They were always here. We were just not looking at them. What repeatedly makes us look again is what she is here to tell us.” ― The New York Review of Books “An excellent work that is certain to be a standard text for understanding contemporary evangelicalism and the American impulse to reform its society.” ― Library Journal "Timely and enlightening" ― The Economist “Without a doubt the best book on the history and present status of American evangelicals. . . . ambitious, engaging, and nuanced.” -- Harvey G. Cox, Jr., Hollis Professor of Divinity Emeritus, Harvard Divinity School“This is the book I’ve been waiting for. Now we have in one volume the richly textured, often puzzling, and always engaging story of American evangelicalism from colonial days to the present. To understand evangelicalism’s impact on our country, this is must reading.” -- Robert Wuthnow, Professor of Sociology and Director of Princeton University’s Center for the Study of Religion“Another superb work by renowned but long-absent political journalist FitzGerald . . . this one centering on the roiling conflict among American brands of Christianity. . . . Overflowing with historical anecdote and contemporary reportage and essential to interpreting the current political and cultural landscape.” ― Kirkus Reviews (starred review) “FitzGerald has crafted nothing less than a spiritual history of the nation whose truest believers have for four centuries constituted themselves a moral majority. This is an American story, objectively told and written from the inside out” -- Richard Norton Smith, author of On His Own Terms: A Life of Nelson Rockefeller“A compelling narrative history of “the white evangelical movements necessary to understand the Christian right and its evangelical opponents.” . . . [FitzGerald] skillfully introduces readers to the terminology, key debates, watershed events, and personalities that have populated the history of white American evangelical Protestant culture in the last half-century. She explains issues such as fundamentalism, biblical inerrancy, Christian nationalism, civil religion and anticommunism, the charismatic movement, and abortion, and introduces such diverse figures as Karl Barth, Jerry Falwell, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Pat Robertson . . . a timely and accessible contribution to the rapidly growing body of literature on Christianity in modern America.” ― Publishers Weekly “This is an important book. FitzGerald has written a monumental history of how evangelicalism has shaped America. Few movements in our long story have had as significant an influence on American life and culture as conservative Christianity, and FitzGerald does full justice to the subject's scope and complexity.” -- Jon Meacham, Pulitzer Prize winning author of Destiny and Power and Thomas Jefferson“A rare and valuable book. It’s admirable that Frances FitzGerald is able to tell the story of the American evangelical movement without judgment or bias—but it’s absolutely astonishing that she’s able to tell it with such authority, clarity, and complete grasp of the historical context.” -- Daniel Okrent, author of Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition “The Evangelicals is a comprehensive history of white evangelical movements in the United States, geared to provide a deeper understanding of present-day evangelicals and their influence. Journalist and historian Frances FitzGerald presents nearly 300 years of complex ideologies, schisms, social reforms and energetically creative theology in a well-organized, eye-opening narrative. . . . This book is not only for those with a particular interest in religious history; it is for anyone with a serious interest in American social movements, politics and culture. It is a history that strongly re-emphasizes the evolution of a nation, and those who hope to shape the future are wise to study the past.” ― Shelf Awareness " The Evangelicals explodes any notion of evangelicalism as a monolithic movement. FitzGerald also deftly captures the 'exotic cast' of this pure product of America..." ― San Francisco Chronicle "A masterful narrative." ― Gospel Coalition "Essential reading on the conjoined nature of religion and politics today." ― Barnes & Noble (BN.com) “Massively learned and electrifying . . . the long, contradictory, and compelling history of American Evangelicals and the world they made. In the telling of this story, FitzGerald pulls off an admirable feat. She writes compassionately about generations of deeply held faith without seeming naive, even as she resists cynicism while noting the psychotics, charlatans, and con artists who have sometimes arisen to "deceive the very elect." The result is a quiet marvel of a book, well deserving of winning its author her second Pulitzer . . . magisterial . . . FitzGerald is adroit and gentle in noting how often America’s religious right wing seems to have been fighting rearguard actions.” ― The Christian Science Monitor “This incisive history of white evangelical movements in America argues that their influence has been more pervasive and diverse than generally realized.” ― The New Yorker "A formidable achievement that could become one of the definitive works on the subject." ― Vox Frances FitzGerald is the recipient of the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, the Bancroft Prize, and a prize from the National Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is the author of The Evangelicals: The Struggle to Shape America ; Fire in the Lake: the Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam; America Revised: History School Books in the Twentieth Century; Cities on a Hill: A Journey through Contemporary American Cultures; Way Out in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars and the End of the Cold War; and Vietnam: Spirits of the Earth . She has written for The New Yorker, The Atlantic, Harper’s, The New York Review of Books, The Nation, Rolling Stone, and Esquire.

Features & Highlights

  • * Winner of the 2017 National Book Critics Circle Award
  • * National Book Award Finalist *
  • Time
  • magazine Top 10 Nonfiction Book of the Year *
  • New York Times
  • Notable Book *
  • Publishers Weekly
  • Best Books of 2017
  • “A page turner…We have long needed a fair-minded overview of this vitally important religious sensibility, and FitzGerald has now provided it.” —
  • The New York Times Book Review
  • “Massively learned and electrifying…magisterial.” —
  • The Christian Science Monitor
  • This groundbreaking book from Pulitzer Prize­–winning historian Frances FitzGerald is the first to tell the powerful, dramatic story of the Evangelical movement in America—from the Puritan era to the 2016 presidential election.The evangelical movement began in the revivals of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, known in America as the Great Awakenings. A populist rebellion against the established churches, it became the dominant religious force in the country. During the nineteenth century white evangelicals split apart dramatically, first North versus South, and then at the end of the century, modernist versus fundamentalist. After World War II, Billy Graham, the revivalist preacher, attracted enormous crowds and tried to gather all Protestants under his big tent, but the civil rights movement and the social revolution of the sixties drove them apart again. By the 1980s Jerry Falwell and other southern televangelists, such as Pat Robertson, had formed the Christian right. Protesting abortion and gay rights, they led the South into the Republican Party, and for thirty-five years they were the sole voice of evangelicals to be heard nationally. Eventually a younger generation of leaders protested the Christian right’s close ties with the Republican Party and proposed a broader agenda of issues, such as climate change, gender equality, and immigration reform. Evangelicals have in many ways defined the nation. They have shaped our culture and our politics. Frances FitGerald’s narrative of this distinctively American movement is a major work of history, piecing together the centuries-long story for the first time. Evangelicals now constitute twenty-five percent of the American population, but they are no longer monolithic in their politics. They range from Tea Party supporters to social reformers. Still, with the decline of religious faith generally, FitzGerald suggests that evangelical churches must embrace ethnic minorities if they are to survive.

Customer Reviews

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Most Helpful Reviews

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A Recurring History

Frances FitzGerald's new history of the American Evangelicals is a massive one: 637 pages of text plus another hundred pages of a Glossary, extensive Notes, and a Bibliography. While it is a weighty history it is nevertheless an engaging one, well written and replete with short biographies of major figures and revelatory anecdotes that help to illuminate important points. You need not be a theologian or a historian to enjoy The Evangelicals, anyone interested in American history, American Christianity, and America's possible futures will find much rich material here.

A major theme of The Evangelicals is the recurring or cyclical nature of the history of American Evangelicalism. Beginning in the 18th and 19th centuries with the First and Second Great Awakenings evangelical religion developed out of dissatisfaction with the Established Churches and mainstream religion in general. In the early to mid nineteenth century evangelicalism had to deal with the same overwhelming issue as the rest of the nation: the debate over African slavery. As in the nation as a whole the debate eventually led to division, with many evangelical churches splitting into Northern and Southern halves. After the Civil War ended the evangelical divisions continued, with the result that much of the ferment for reform and the subsequent rise of new evangelical beliefs took place in the North since the South was smaller, poorer, and more uniformly minded. Conflict and controversy continued in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the debate between Fundamentalists and Modernists that culminated in the 1920s with, among other events, the Scopes Monkey Trial and the rise of the Pentecostal and other movements that threatened to splinter Evangelicalism still further.

The summary I've supplied thus far takes readers through Chapter 5. The following 12 chapters and Epilogue concern the period from about the World War II era through the 2016 election. Here once again the history of Evangelicalism is one of conflict and controversy: how churches should deal with modern war and Cold War; Civil Rights and other movements for social change from the 1950s through the 1970s; and the reaction to these social changes that led to the rise of a harder line fundamentalism in the South, the Moral Majority and Christian Coalition's attempts to influence American politics, and the development of the Christian Right in the 1990s and early 2000s. Throughout this period FitzGerald documents another recurring theme in Evangelical history: the sad story of organized religion's attempts to influence secular politics, which inevitably result in religious belief becoming subordinate to and controlled by political ambition. Included in these chapters are the stories of the careers of Billy Graham, Pat Robertson, Jerry Falwell and other preachers; thinkers like Francis Sheaffer and Rousas Rushdoony and their influence; and the politicians like Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush who encouraged Evangelicals to believe they were on their side in order to obtain their support but then put their concerns at the bottom of their agenda. The final chapter and Epilogue describe the changes in American Evangelicalism, changes which parallel those in the nation as a whole: greater tolerance, more awareness of the threat of climate change, less interest in hardline political policies of either the left or the right, and overall a more multi-cultural society. FitzGerald ends her history by noting the heavy Evangelical influence in the election of Donald Trump, but maintains that the larger trends I've just mentioned might be delayed but not derailed.

I enjoyed The Evangelicals, though as an American Southerner with a lengthy family history intertwined with evangelical and fundamentalist history I could have wished for more details in the early chapters (but that would have made the book even longer). FitzGerald herself points out that she deliberately did not include African-American Evangelicalism since that is a long and rich history in itself deserving of more detail than she could provide in this volume. Even with these limitations The Evangelicals is an important study that non-specialists should not shy away from (FitzGerald's clear descriptions, as well as the Glossary, are very helpful). Whatever the future course of American Evangelicalism, those wishing a clear understanding of the movements' beginnings, conflicts, and continuing struggles will find FitzGerald's work to be a useful guide.
126 people found this helpful
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unenlightening

this is a workmanlike, very well researched summary of the white evangelical movement in america, dating back to its congregationalist roots in the 1700's, through the 2016 presidential election.

some authors bring history alive but, unfortunately, frances fitzgerald is not one of them. her writing is reportorial and maddeningly bland. with few exceptions, she does not provide analysis or editorial comments. anyone who has even superficially followed current events in recent years will already be well informed of the contents of much of the book. like a CNN anchor, she takes great pains not to offend anyone (while at the same time dissing fellow authors at times). All in all, a good reference text, but monotonal and unenlightening.
24 people found this helpful
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An Essential Resource

A remarkable book, providing the best account I have seen to date of how evangelicalism has evolved over the past several decades. Not only does the book clearly guide the reader through all of the disparate and sometimes conflicting streams of thinking within the evangelical movement, but it also describes the significant impact it has had on American politics and why our so-called leadership in Washington has become as polarized and paralyzed as it is today. It's not an easy read, but FitzGerald's book is an essential resource for anyone who wishes to understand where the American nation is at this point in its history and possibly where it may be heading in the future,
7 people found this helpful
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Dissapointed

I rented this book from the library. Most of the focus is on a few tv evangelists and their influence on politicians. Very little insight into present day politics. The language used to write the book is awe inspiring, not the content.
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Very Fair

The author was very fair to every perspective. She had done a great amount of homework.
3 people found this helpful
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Great Look Back at Two Centuries of Religious Fundamentalism

You get five stars when you teach me something new, starting from the bottom up, and this book easily passes that threshold. Frances Fitzgerald gives the reader a deep look at how we reached the cultural wars of the 1980s and how they evolved through to today, by looking back in America's history. She dates today's evangelical movement to the first religious revival in the country immediately after the Revolutionary War and then a 2nd revival a few decades later, when the basic tenets of fundamentalist thought ( and the opposition to it) were developed. Those ideas reverberate to this day as different subsets of Christians battle it out with with each other and with what they view as satanic secularist forces that are destroying the family or America or something.

This book is way too dense to summarize in a few sentences or paragraphs, but the main idea is that the author shows how different strains of Christianity leapfrogged each other in power within religious circles and influenced American society and politics over the 240 or so years since the Revolution. Basically, the battle was over religious moderates who absorbed the ideas of the Reformation that there is such a thing as science that can find truth or a likely basis for truth, vs. those who say that only the Bible carries universal truth. For decades, they battled over religious nuance, as the traditionalists said that every single word in the Bible must be taken literally, or else the whole thing falls apart, but others said that some of the Bible is contradictory or must be seen as allegory rather than face. It's pretty easy for me (and the author) to come down on the side of allegory, but that's now how a significant part of our population seems to see things.

Another strain of dispute that ran through the ages was whether man could work towards a heaven-on-earth scenario, that is, try to improve himself and society as a way to hasten God's return. The alternative was that God runs everything and preordains everything so the only thing that matters is trying to understand God's will. An example of the difference might be Prohibition or Civil Rights, where the perfectibility of man side would find biblical justification for pushing for a better, safer, healthier society, but the other side would say that those civil concerns are not the concerns of religious people. Religious people need to just take care of themselves and family and congregation, and if society is doing bad things, then the religious need to avoid society or stand as a shining light of truth -- but not get into the fights for power to actually change society.

And yet another strain, particularly in the South, was the adoption of a highly personalized religion that did not rely on centralized authority (in contrast to Catholics, for example) to a culture that was increasingly in contact with a modern society as industry moved to the South and many southerners moved to the North or to California for jobs after WWII. Those people (and some a generation earlier) brought their personalized religion with a belief in the supernatural to other denominations that had been more intellectual.

Anyway, these strains and other pressures are detailed in the book through a look at religious leaders and the statements they made. There's a lot of infighting among various national or regional coalitions of churches and pastors, with losers in various political battles breaking away and forming new coalitions. And then radio and especially TV preaching ramped it up 10-fold in the 1960s and beyond, when all the rest of us were treated to the spectacles of the fundamentalist preachers healing people on TV. With people like Jerry Fallwell and Pat Robertson raking in hundreds of millions of dollars per year (really), the battles were huge.

For a while, these guys kind of canceled each other out, as their intra-religious fights sapped a lot of energy. But by the 1980s, they coalesced around a few social issues on which they could mostly agree, and they became a political force. Those are things like abortion and gay rights. Amazingly, the exact arguments we have today were being fought in the 1980s, and even though fundamentalists basically have lost over and over again, they're trying once more with Republicans in power.

The book goes through those issues in great detail. In fact, if I had any criticism it's that this book probably has too much detail about various conferences of evangelicals and fundamentalists and anti-millenialists and others about some of these fine points of dispute. I had trouble following some of the back-forth, except to understand in general they were fighting about the religious issues of the day, and that those fights were echoes of the same splits that had been there for a century. As a person with zero background in Christianity, I found the terminology to be difficult to follow, and as a non-religious person I found a lot of the ideas of all the leaders to be crazy and downright harmful to society.

One more thing. As a non-believer who grew up far from any fundamentalist region, I'm stunned by the amount of effort that the author shows was going on in religious circles, and how many people were involved. Who knew there were so many churches, so many preachers, so many rallies and conferences about religious issues? Religion means zero in my life, and I simply had no idea that when a religious issue became a big deal nationally (Judge Roy Moore and his 10 Commandments in the courtroom, Terry Schiavo being taken off life support, or the What Would Jesus Do movement) that it represented literally millions of people and thousands (or more) of churches that had been arguing about this for years prior. This stuff only reached my secular life after years of bitter battles among the Christians.
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I found the book fascinating. Understanding the history was ...

I found the book fascinating. Understanding the history was important to me. It confirmed for me why I have always had doubts about organized religion.
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What They Think and How They Act

Readers who are not evangelical or fundamentalist Christians, who are not religious at all, or who merely pay lip service to the idea, will learn a lot from Frances Fitzgerald’s new, and at times numbingly detailed, history of these two groups, as well as their many splinters.

Perhaps the most intriguing and, when considered carefully in the light of reality, is the thorough infusion of religious mysticism into the world, as if God and the eternal were palpable participants in our physical world, or something like a parallel dimension separated by a most porous, frequently traversed membrane. Writing a sentence like the preceding, however, does little to capture how disturbing (yet also insightful) many will find the manifestations of an overarching, other worldly belief system, because whether or not you believe, it impacts your life. Fitzgerald illustrates how when she reaches “Jerry Falwell and the Moral Majority” (just short of halfway) and proceeds through most of the high points of recent history, with particular concentration and insight into the theologizing, philosophizing, and politicizing not visible to non, marginal, and true believers. For this reason, for its practical value, many will find this an invaluable history and resource.

While readers will find it tempting, given the length and density of this history, to sprint or just leap to current times, spending time with the first half of the history will help you frame current times. After all, the belief systems, some of which feel simplistic, spring from some deep thinking, particularly in the era when religion dominated the landscape. Thus, Fitzgerald takes readers through the First (1730-40s) and Second (1800 through the 1830s) Great Awakenings, the days of Calvinist Jonathan Edwards and the personalization of the religious experience, and Charles Finney’s “burnt-over district,” a period marked by the rise of revivalism and the jettisoning of rationalism in favor of emotion. Then follows the Civil War and wrapped around it from antebellum to post reconstruction the splintering over slavery and other issues related to the experience of religion. Finally, in the run up to current days, readers walk through the preaching of the latter 19th and early 20th centuries, from Dwight Moody to Billy Sunday, until they reach the days of the influential Falwell, the scandalous Jim and Tammy and Jimmy Swaggart, the monumentally influential Billy Graham, and, regardless of what you think of him, the immense influencer, the game changer extraordinaire, Pat Robertson.

The ground Fitzgerald tills here is a truck farm of religion, politics, business; of larger than life personalities; of theologies and philosophies that will strike nonbelievers as bizarre. You’ll learn much that may surprise you, too, such as the fact that before our days of politicalized religion, Protestants in their various manifestations agreed in steering clear of politics. How things have changed, indeed.
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Indispensible reference.

There are many books I do not read from cover-to-cover, but that provide me with invaluable material for my own researches and writing. Frances Fitzgerald’s The Evangelicals: The Struggle to Shape America is in that treasured category. With its 740 pages including an index of 27 pages (in fine print), in effect it is a virtual single-volume encyclopedia of the history and development of the Evangelical impulse as it has emerged over the course of our history. Fitzgerald’s book is an indispensible reference-work on the subject, with its 70 pages of footnotes and bibliography, being a virtual gold-mine of scrupulously authenticated information. I am currently working on a book on the Religious Far Right as it stands in opposition to America’s religious liberty and the separation of church and state. I am finding The Evangelicals to be an utterly indispensible resource to that endeavor.
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Five Stars

An excellent presentation of the historical influence of evangelicals and the current political climate.
2 people found this helpful