The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness
The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness book cover

The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness

Hardcover – January 5, 2010

Price
$16.50
Format
Hardcover
Pages
290
Publisher
The New Press
Publication Date
ISBN-13
978-1595581037
Dimensions
6.5 x 1 x 9.5 inches
Weight
1.33 pounds

Description

From Publishers Weekly Starred Review. Contrary to the rosy picture of race embodied in Barack Obama's political success and Oprah Winfrey's financial success, legal scholar Alexander argues vigorously and persuasively that [w]e have not ended racial caste in America; we have merely redesigned it. Jim Crow and legal racial segregation has been replaced by mass incarceration as a system of social control (More African Americans are under correctional control today... than were enslaved in 1850). Alexander reviews American racial history from the colonies to the Clinton administration, delineating its transformation into the war on drugs. She offers an acute analysis of the effect of this mass incarceration upon former inmates who will be discriminated against, legally, for the rest of their lives, denied employment, housing, education, and public benefits. Most provocatively, she reveals how both the move toward colorblindness and affirmative action may blur our vision of injustice: most Americans know and don't know the truth about mass incarceration—but her carefully researched, deeply engaging, and thoroughly readable book should change that. (Feb.) Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. “Explosive debut…alarming, provocative and convincing.”— Kirkus Reviews “Michelle Alexander’s brave and bold new book paints a haunting picture in which dreary felon garb, post-prison joblessness, and loss of voting rights now do the stigmatizing work once done by colored-only water fountains and legally segregated schools. With dazzling candor, Alexander argues that we all pay the cost of the new Jim Crow.“— Lani Guinier, professor at Harvard Law School and author of Lift Every Voice: Turning a Civil Rights Setback into a New Vision of Social Justice and The Miner's Canary: Enlisting Race, Resisting Power, Transforming Democracy “For every century there is a crisis in our democracy, the response to which defines how future generations view those who were alive at the time. In the 18th century it was the transatlantic slave trade, in the 19th century it was slavery, in the 20th century it was Jim Crow. Today it is mass incarceration. Alexander's book offers a timely and original framework for understanding mass incarceration, its roots to Jim Crow, our modern caste system, and what must be done to eliminate it. This book is a call to action.”— Benjamin Todd Jealous, President and CEO, NAACP “With imprisonment now the principal instrument of our social policy directed toward poorly educated black men, Michelle Alexander argues convincingly that the huge racial disparity of punishment in America is not the mere result of neutral state action. She sees the rise of mass incarceration as opening up a new front in the historic struggle for racial justice. And, she’s right. If you care about justice in America, you need to read this book!”— Glenn C. Loury, economist at Brown University and author of The Anatomy of Racial Inequality and Race, Incarceration and American Values “After reading The New Jim Crow , Michelle Alexander's stunning work of scholarship, one gains the terrible realization that, for people of color, the American criminal justice system resembles the Soviet Union's gulag---the latter punished ideas, the former punishes a condition.”— David Levering Lewis, Pulitzer-prize winning historian at NYU and author of W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963 "We need to pay attention to Michelle Alexander's contention that mass imprisonment in the U.S. constitutes a racial caste system. Her analysis reflects the passion of an advocate and the intellect of a scholar."— Marc Mauer, Executive Director, The Sentencing Project, author of Race to Incarcerate “A powerful analysis of why and how mass incarceration is happening in America, The New Jim Crow should be required reading for anyone working for real change in the criminal justice system.”— Ronald E. Hampton, Executive Director, National Black Police Association From the Publisher A bold and innovative argument that mass incarceration amounts to a devastating system of racial control, by a rising legal star Michelle Alexander is an associate professor of law at Ohio State University and holds a joint appointment at the Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. Formerly the director of the ACLU’s Racial Justice Project in Northern California, Alexander served as a law clerk for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Harry A. Blackmun. Cornel West is the Class of 1943 University Professor, emeritus, at Princeton University and is currently Professor of Philosophy and Christian Practice at Union Theological Seminary. Read more

Features & Highlights

  • "Jarvious Cotton's great-great-grandfather could not vote as a slave. His great-grandfather was beaten to death by the Klu Klux Klan for attempting to vote. His grandfather was prevented from voting by Klan intimidation; his father was barred by poll taxes and literacy tests. Today, Cotton cannot vote because he, like many black men in the United States, has been labeled a felon and is currently on parole."As the United States celebrates the nation's "triumph over race" with the election of Barack Obama, the majority of young black men in major American cities are locked behind bars or have been labeled felons for life. Although Jim Crow laws have been wiped off the books, an astounding percentage of the African American community remains trapped in a subordinate status--much like their grandparents before them.
  • In this incisive critique, former litigator-turned-legal-scholar Michelle Alexander provocatively argues that we have not ended racial caste in America: we have simply redesigned it. Alexander shows that, by targeting black men and decimating communities of color, the U.S. criminal justice system functions as a contemporary system of racial control, even as it formally adheres to the principle of color blindness.
  • The New Jim Crow
  • challenges the civil rights community--and all of us--to place mass incarceration at the forefront of a new movement for racial justice in America.

Customer Reviews

Rating Breakdown

★★★★★
60%
(9.4K)
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(3.9K)
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15%
(2.3K)
★★
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Most Helpful Reviews

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Can we start talking about race?

I'm a white man and I carry with me the cultural legacy of racism. I know I'm not alone but I don't find many other white people who are willing to venture into this uncomfortable territory and own up to our own racism. And while I've had a few conversations about race with black men, I must say I feel like I'm venturing into dangerous territory - how do I transcend the privilege I've had as an socio-econonmically advantaged white man to connect to those who rightly see me and my kind as an oppressor?

This was a hard book to read. I said that about "Slavery by Another Name" as well which is the companion book to this one as they both address a white power structure that uses prisons to humiliate, degrade, diminish and control black people. "Slavery by Another Name" addresses this phenomenon during Jim Crow and "The New Jim Crow" addresses how we've been doing this for the past thirty years.

To the extent white people and non-black minorities I know talk about race, its about why blacks continue to languish at the bottom of the American barrel. If other ethnic groups that have experienced discrimination manage to overcome it and prosper as Americans, what is wrong with blacks? I've always said it was slavery and its legacy, the Jim Crow era and its deprivations but now I realize that the story is even more complex, black men have been disproportionately single out for prison time, causing entire families to suffer the economic loss, the social stigma and family shame that accompanies such imprisonment.

I remember the O.J. trial and how whites were "shocked" that blacks had such a different take on the police and criminal justice. At the time, there was discussion about how black men were singled out for police harassment and arrest but I don't remember a discussion about why so many black men were imprisoned. In 1995, the impact of the drug wars wasn't fully appreciated but 15 years later with an even larger prison population, it is. The other thing about the O.J. trial that made it complicated was his role as a rich celebrity. In that regard, he took on the power and privilege of a white man and there was a sense that in his marriage to a white woman and in his lifestyle he had been escaping from his black upringing, betraying blacks. But when he stood trial, blacks hurried to support him against the white power structure.

This goes to the other argument the book makes which is the way black exceptionalism, the O.Js, the Oprahs, the Michael Jackson, Tiger Woods and Obamas allow whites to believe that racism is dead, that blacks are making it, a sign that our color-blind society has triumphed. This exceptionalism hides or excuses the results of a drug war aimed directly at the black underclass and which has snatched so many black men from their families and putting them at even greater disadvantage. After prison they are marked men, making employment very difficult, voting often impossible and public housing unlikely.

Class is not the subject of this book but I do think it is also at play both in terms of preserving the tense wariness poor whites feel towards any sign of "special favors" for blacks and as the lesser evil to that of racism but which has defined American life for so long and made everyone - rich and poor - look to the wealthy as successful and the poor as shameful losers.
1K people found this helpful
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Important, Eye Opening Work

Thirty years ago, fewer than 350,000 people were held in prisons and jails in the United States. Today, the number of inmates in the United States exceeds 2,000,000. In this book, Alexander argues that this system of mass incarceration "operates as a tightly networked system of laws, policies, customs, and institutions that operate collectively to ensure the subordinate status of a group defined largely by race." The War on Drugs, the book contends, has created "a lower caste of individuals who are permanently barred by law and custom from mainstream society." Mass incarceration, and the disabilities that come with the label "felon," serve, metaphorically, as the new Jim Crow.

The book develops this argument with systematic care. The first chapter provides context with a brief history of the rise, fall and interrelation of the first two racial caste systems in the United States, slavery and Jim Crow. Subsequent chapters provide close scrutiny of the system of mass incarceration that has arisen over the past thirty years, examining each stage of the process (e.g., criminalization, investigation, prosecution, sentencing) and the many collateral consequences of a felony conviction (entirely apart from any prison time) and how and why each of these has operated to the detriment of African-Americans. The book also explores how the caste system Alexander identifies is different and not-so-different from Jim Crow, the many political and economic forces now invested in sustaining it, and how it has been rendered virtually immune to challenge through litigation. The book concludes with an argument that while many particular reforms will be needed to change this system, nothing short of a social movement that changes public acceptance of the current system can solve this problem and offers critiques and proposals for the civil rights movement based on this analysis. Everyone who reads this book will come away seeing the War on Drugs and mass incarceration in a new light.
760 people found this helpful
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A BALANCED PERSPECTIVE

Ms. Alexander provides an excellent historical background in the history of America's war on drugs and it's impact upon the police agencies, the African-American community, and particularly the African-American male. However, what is missing from her review of the Criminal Justice system is clarification that her focus is on drug related crimes. As a African-American who has worked in the Criminal Justice system over 30 years I can attest that drug arrests are only a percentage of offenses for which African-American males are incarcerted. Other offenses well represented in incarcerated males are property and violent crimes. In addition some facts were mistated including the representation of clients in court. For example Ms Alexander states clients are sent to jail without legal representation or rehabilitation programs. In the State of Illinois and I'm sure other states it is illegal to bring a defendant before the court without legal representation and a Public Defender is appointed. Within the stucture of the Criminal Justice system there is focus and treatment referral for drug addiction, domestic violence, sex abuse, and others.

I reviewed the references and did not see who or what agencies were contacted or observed to obtain the skewed statistics. There was an absence of review of actual case records which would demonstrate that subjects usually return to court many times before actually receiving even a short jail term. Also, missing from this assessment is the acknowledgement that many African-Americans work in the Criminal Justice system, come from the same community as subjects, and work hard to rehabilitate them prior to returning them to court. As a social researcher I have found in my study that African-American males need intervention at the primary school level; long before they enter the Criminal Justice system. I hope in Ms. Alexander's next book she will take a more wholistic look at the problem of African-American male incarceration.
354 people found this helpful
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MUST READ: A powerful book!

Law Professor Michelle Alexander's long-anticipated debut puts a bright light directly on what is perhaps our greatest national shame: the extraordinary rates of incarceration for people of color in the United States.

Her writing is lucid and gripping; her arguments are clear and concise; her conclusions often are inescapable. She powerfully makes the case that the incarceration industry has become to the 21st Century what Jim Crow segregation was to the 20th: a system that undermines American ideals of justice, while reinforcing social inequality.

In what many hope will be a "post-racial" era, Ms. Alexander's voice is a courageous one. Even as she rightfully celebrates progress at many levels, she refuses to let our society ignore the fact that a million or more people of color are imprisoned today (out of all proportion to their numbers in the population AND even out of all proportion to their rate of criminal offenses, as documented by the government).

More importantly, she dares to ask (and attempts to answer) the simple question: how can this be happening in our country today?

Impeccably well-argued, "The New Jim Crow" is an inspired work - representing the debut of a bright, new and important voice in American life and letters.
342 people found this helpful
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Powerful, Informative, and Mind-Opening

I have just put down Michelle Alexander's book after reading the very last word and I don't know what to say. I am literally so in awe, so grateful for her work, so amazed at her talent and gifts that I am truly without words to describe how I feel or what I think.

I am normally a very quick read but her book forced me to slow down. Not a word or sentence was unnecessary but rather so incredibly meaningful, meaty, and educational that I found myself only being able to read when I was well-rested and undisturbed. I am amazed at how effectively and clearly she informed the reader, me, about the current state of our justice system, the experience of police encounters (which was infuriating and would fill me with rage), and how the laws serve to disempower people and make them disappear. How she moved from data-driven, legal, educational, & rational arguments to a passionate appeal for change and a sharing of a real vision is astonishing.

I love how she writes, so clear and with a crescendo of support for her thesis, and what she wrote about. I'm truly grateful for this piece of work. The book is truly inspiring as it is mystifying that we are where we are. I haven't been able to stop telling people about her book but sadly am not nearly as eloquent and struggle to explain concisely the arguments.

I wish everyone would read this body of work. Well done!
164 people found this helpful
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WAKE UP!!!!

This book is exposes the truth of how the system is tilted too incarcerate young African American men. A perfect example is how illegal drugs charges are handled in this country, with the crack cocaine epidemic the solution was incarceration, with the opioid epidemic the solution is drug rehabilitation and treatment centers, both are drugs are horrific and have had traumatic effects on our society. Just follow the money, making money locking up young African Americans in prison and making money with treatment and rehabilitation centers.
105 people found this helpful
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COMPELLING AND CONVINCING

Michelle Alexander has the ability to see far beyond conventinonal wisdom and understanding. Her intellect is exceptional and her logic captivating. Her compelling and convincing book leaves no doubt about the wrongness of the War on Drugs. Highly educational and informative as well as thought provoking.
82 people found this helpful
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Convincing perspective and flawed presentation

The New Jim Crow succeeds best in its legal background and arguments-- a must read. The perspective is refreshingly novel when explaining the disproportionately high number of African American incarcerated state and federal prisoners. It very convincingly reveals how the legal system from police stop and frisks to sentencing to revolving door processes and the lack of resources for reintegration breeds rather than defeats a New Jim Crow criminal culture. The views presented are diminished by the constant repetition of assertions, especially in the first chapter. The perspective is very important if American society desires fairness and improvement in everyone's standard of living rather than caging its deviants and forcing difficult reintegration. My desire is for this book to succeed in convincingly move key decision makers to change the laws and regulations governing how criminal behavior is treated in the short and long run. Angela Davis has proposed a radical act of tearing down prisons. A logical followup would be greater discussion on how to change the criminal apparatus and industry now in place that provides economic support for a continuation of New Jim Crow practices when the conservative public seems so convinced in the singleminded and indiscriminate incarceration that does not succeed in keeping our streets safe. This is critical especially in a declining American economy that relies on the prison and enforcement industry of lawyers, caretakers, and materials to sustain itself while depleting scarce resources for other societal needs. Also, the book would have been more persuasive for me if there was also some parallel historical background on how other minority immigrants were treated or are presently treated or direction to follow-up resources on the marketing and communication of values that perpetuate the New Jim Crow and the role leaders play in their cowardice to address these issues. This is a very valuable first effort however flawed for this reader. It reiterates what a federal inmate and friend decries as judges whose colorblindness is wearing black robes that reflect the former white ones of the KKK.
74 people found this helpful
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Exceptionally written and interesting read...BUT

I would love to give this book 4 stars, for the quality of writing and authentic research. But, there are some things I disagree on. There is not doubt the war against drugs is filled with flaws and has negatively affected many lives in America, the issue at hand should be focused more on class. Race is used as a tool for us to ignore economic equality, and unfortunately Michelle Alexander has falling into the "trap" of blame the black man problems on the white man, so to speak. Her arguments are concise, although I disagree with many. She acknowledges the reason for the high numbers of men behind bars is their inability to afford an attorney--this is an economic/class issue, not race. She also mentioned the lack of money to fight for property seized by the police and/or government--once again, economic/class issue. Recently in the past 6 months celebrities such as Lindsay Lohan, Paris Hilton, T.I and Tiny were arrested for drug possession. Rapper T.I. and his wife,Tiny are black for those who did not know. The point I am trying too make is, these two have MONEY and by them having money and a social status places them on another level than average Joe.

I am reading this book for my graduate class, and not to mention I am a "product" of "big time" drug dealers from Queens, New York--my father and uncle are both serving long sentences due to the Implementation of Ronald Reagan's war against drug. Ironically Alexander mentions the Edwards Byrnes case in which they both were considered suspects at one point, due to an unreliable informant with the hopes of receiving a lesser sentence. Like I previously stated the war on drugs is flawed and extreme, providing drug dealer with more time than mass murderers. However, no matter the time you spend in jail if you commit a crime there shall be consequences to follow. It is understandable with the discrimination against felons, it is hard for them "not" to repeat a crime, thus a program providing felons with a second chance should be implemented--But. at the same time, why should an individual who has broken the law receive food stamps, while the remaining citizens who obey the law are forced to work hard everyday to survive. It is complete nonsense. Alexander also argued, the enforcing of Parole is causing former inmates to return to jail. She mentioned things such as failing to maintain a job, passing a drug tests and missing meetings as factors for placing them back in prison--according to Alexander it is the systems fault--NOT the individual who has failed to take advantage of his second opportunity. When will people start to take the blame for their own actions.

Furthermore, there are many things I agree on with this book. In addition, there were some facts she exposed me to which were eye opening. The incentives providing to federal and state police departs is the main reason why there is an increase in the prison system. Unfortunately many minorities do not have the financial stability to afford a lawyer or pay off the police. Thus, making them an easy target to attack. In most instances race IS an issue, but overall "the rich black people were not left in Louisiana when Katrina hit". With that being said, many rich black and hispanic people are not serving long sentences.

I would recommend this book to be read.
55 people found this helpful
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Certainly not an original

Though the book is a good read, in my opinion it is a travesty that this book was ever allowed to be published, considering the fact that it is almost a mirror image as far as theme, cover art, and info, of a book that was already published 3 years earlier than this one entitled WHY ARE SO MANY BLACK MEN IN PRISON? by an author by the name of Demico Boothe. Just take a minute and research that book and then compare the two books. They are pretty much the same book inside and out. It is my understanding that Mr. Boothe’s book was not published by a major publishing house and did not receive a lot of press, while hers was subsequently published by a major imprint and thus got a lot of press. In two of her very first speeches she gave right after her book was published in early 2010, Mr. Boothe’s book is cited in the footnotes (just Google “Michelle Alexander’s Speeches on the New Jim Crow” and you will see a link with that exact wording to the speech, then go to page 17 of the speech and look at the footnote and you will see Mr. Boothe’s name listed as a reference). So, she certainly cannot say she was not aware of Mr. Boothe’s book when she wrote her book, though she (carefully?) does not cite it as a source of inspiration/information in her book. In my view, after reading both books, THE NEW JIM CROW by professor Michelle Alexander is just a corporatized copycat well-advertised version of WHY ARE SO MANY BLACK MEN IN PRISON? by ex-con Demico Boothe. It would be hard to convince me otherwise. And if this is so, that is a travesty indeed.
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